Causal impact of gut microbiota and associated metabolites on pulmonary arterial hypertension: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Table 3 Causal effect of pulmonary arterial hypertension on gut microbiota and dependent metabolite

Exposure	Outcome	Method	Num of SNP	OR	95% CI	P value
PAH	Clostridium (innocuum group)	IVW	29	0.984	0.970–0.998	0.030
PAH	Butyricicoccus	IVW	30	1.008	1.001–1.015	0.026
PAH	Defluviitaleaceae (UCG011)	IVW	30	0.988	0.978–0.998	0.020
PAH	Eisenbergiella	IVW	29	0.985	0.973–0.997	0.018
PAH	Holdemania	IVW	30	1.010	1.000–1.020	0.048
PAH	Ruminiclostridium 5	IVW	30	0.992	0.985–0.999	0.032
PAH	Choline	IVW	57	1.000	0.994–1.005	0.891
PAH	Carnitine	IVW	24	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.916
PAH	Betaine	IVW	24	1.002	1.000–1.003	0.051
PAH	Acetate	IVW	59	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.864
PAH	Indolepropionate	IVW	24	1.001	0.998–1.004	0.413
PAH	3-Hydroxybutyrate	IVW	59	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.874

SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, IVW Inverse variance weighted. For the results of sensitivity analysis, please kindly refer to Supplementary Table S7 & Supplementary Table S11

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