Table 1 Main characteristics of COVID-19 patients
Parameters | Development group (n = 120) | Validation group (n = 53) | Development group vs. Validation group | Total (n = 173) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survivors (n = 93) | Non-survivors (n = 27) | p value | Survivors (n = 39) | Non-survivors (n = 14) | p value | p value | ||
Age | 74(65–81) | 76(70–84) | 0.150 | 72(64–78) | 77(71–83) | 0.075 | 0.271 | 74(67–80) |
Gender, Male/Female | 66/27 | 20/7 | 0.813 | 23/16 | 13/1 | 0.022 | 0.718 | 122/51 |
BMI | 23.7(21.5–25.9) | 23.8(22.5–25.7) | 0.811 | 23.8(20.6–25.8) | 24.7(21.5–25.4) | 0.535 | 0.619 | 23.8(21.6–25.7) |
Hypertension, n(%) | 49(52.7) | 16(59.2) | 0.662 | 25(64.1) | 11(78.5) | 0.506 | 0.097 | 101(58.4) |
Diabetes mellitus, n(%) | 29(31.1) | 9(33.3) | 0.819 | 13(33.3) | 4(28.5) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 55(31.8) |
Coronary heart disease | 7(7.5) | 5(21.7) | 0.139 | 2(5.1) | 1(7.1) | 1.000 | 0.558 | 15(8.7) |
Chronic renal disease, n(%) | 7(7.5) | 6(28.7) | 0.071 | 7(17.9) | 2(14.3) | 1.000 | 0.322 | 22(12.7) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 6(6.5) | 2(7.4) | 1.000 | 2(5.1) | 1(7.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 11(6.4) |
Alzheimer’s disease, n(%) | 1(0.1) | 3(11.1) | 0.035 | 2(5.1) | 0(0.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 6(3.5) |
COPD, n(%) | 5(5.3) | 2(7.4) | 0.654 | 5(12.8) | 2(14.8) | 1.000 | 0.130 | 14(8.1) |
Cancer* | 3(3.2) | 3(11.1) | 0.127 | 0(0.0) | 2(14.8) | 0.066 | 1.000 | 8(4.6) |
Disease Severity (severe/critical), n(%) | 40(43.0%) | 25(92.6%) | < 0.001 | 21(53.8) | 14(100.0) | 0.002 | 0.182 | 100(57.8) |
Serum KL-6 concentration, U/ml | 348(221–535) | 969(678–1231) | < 0.001 | 369(220–500) | 1007(784–2095) | < 0.001 | 0.515 | 436(252–728) |
P/F ratio | 321(260–388) | 148(105–238) | < 0.001 | 293(245–347) | 163(106–188) | < 0.001 | 0.068 | 281(218–357) |
NLR | 5.6(3.4–11.1) | 14.6(8.8–25.5) | < 0.001 | 7.9(4.1–14.1) | 12.4(7.9–55.9) | 0.016 | 0.145 | 8.1(4.1–13.5) |
CRP, mg/dl | 37.7(11.4–81.8) | 101.9(54.8-193.9) | < 0.001 | 36.8(20.5–86.5) | 71.7(47.3–94.5) | 0.060 | 0.717 | 50.5(15.7–93.2) |
IL-6,pg/ml | 12.9(6.6–37.9) | 100.2(30.4-283.9) | < 0.001 | 26.0(10.5–63.8) | 125.2(58.9–620.0) | < 0.001 | 0.030 | 26.3(8,1-68.9) |
ALT, U/L | 28(18–40) | 28(19–47) | 0.410 | 24(17–44) | 24(21–47) | 0.627 | 0.678 | 27(19–42) |
ALB, g/L | 33.2(30.4–36.1) | 30.3(26.8–33.0) | 0.004 | 32.5(27.9–35.8) | 31.2(28.1–33.1) | 0.336 | 0.383 | 32.5(29.1–35.2) |
LDH, U/L | 287(224–355) | 511(356–590) | < 0.001 | 318(249–420) | 336(202–507) | 0.725 | 0.545 | 312(238–414) |
BUN, mmol/L | 7.6(4.7–9.5) | 9.9(6.3–21.6) | < 0.001 | 7.7(5.6–11.0) | 8.5(5.2–13.0) | 0.679 | 0.515 | 8.0(5.3–10.9) |
Scr, µmol/L | 74(56–91) | 80(67–156) | 0.052 | 79(63–106) | 64(55–133) | 0.679 | 0.729 | 75(60–104) |
Radiological features | ||||||||
RSG | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.723 | |||||
Grade 1, n(%) | 31(33.3) | 1(3.7) | 14(35.9) | 0(0.0) | 46(26.6) | |||
Grade 2, n(%) | 39(41.9) | 5(18.5) | 16(41.0) | 2(14.3) | 62(35.8) | |||
Grade 3, n(%) | 20(21.5) | 9(33.3) | 6(15.4) | 7(50.0) | 42(24.3) | |||
Grade 4, n(%) | 3(3.2) | 12(44.4) | 3(7.7) | 5(35.7) | 23(13.3) | |||
Pure GGO/ GGO + Consolidation | 43/50 | 9/18 | 0.275 | 27/12 | 5/9 | 0.054 | 0.048 | 84/89 |
CPV, n(%) | 37(39.8) | 13(48.1) | 0.508 | 4(10.3) | 10(71.4) | < 0.001 | 0.062 | 64(37.0) |