Table 2 Risk of bias as per the ROBINS-I methodological tool (low risk of bias: +, high risk of bias: -, lack of clarity:?)
Study | Confounding bias | Selection bias | Deviation from the intervention | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selective reporting | Classification of the intervention | Overall risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prasad, Elkholey et al. (2023) | + | + | ? | + | + | ? | + | Moderate |
Peetermans, Guler et al. (2023) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |
Javidfar, Zaaqoq et al. (2023) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Low |
Lu, Ortoleva et al. (2022) | + | ? | ? | + | + | + | + | Moderate |
Djordjevic, Ivanov et al. (2022) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |
Balik, Svobodova et al. (2022) | + | + | + | + | + | ? | + | Moderate |
Powell, Haase et al. (2022) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |
Mongero, Stammers et al. (2021) | + | + | ? | ? | + | ? | + | Serious |
Alvarez, O’Malley et al. (2021) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |
Salna, Fried et al. (2021) | + | + | ? | + | ? | + | + | Moderate |
Verkerk, Dzierba et al. (2020) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Low |
Merritt-Genore, Lyden et al. (2020) | + | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | Moderate |
Lee, Moon et al. (2020) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |
Galvagno, Pelekhaty et al. (2020) | + | + | ? | ? | + | ? | + | Serious |
Salna, Chicotka et al. (2018) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |
Cho, Oh et al. (2018) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |
Lazzeri, Bonizzoli et al. (2017) | + | + | ? | ? | + | ? | + | Serious |
Kon, Dahi et al. (2015) | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | Moderate |