Table 4 Mean dietary intakes of study participants among quintiles of UPF intake score

Energy (kcal/d)

2240.20±

623.22

2533.86±

632.20

2632.65±

612.85

2759.61±

683.36

3194.12±

727.04

< 0.0001

Food groups (g/d)

Whole grains

2.90 ± 1.35

2.41 ± 1.38

3.01 ± 1.25

2.80 ± 1.44

5.63 ± 15.21

0.075

Fruit

2.31 ± 1.23

2.52 ± 1.27

2.41 ± 1.18

2.73 ± 1.26

2.87 ± 1.17

0.101

Vegetables

2.36 ± 1.33

2.66 ± 1.24

2.33 ± 1.21

2.83 ± 1.33

2.94 ± 1.27

0.031

Low-fat dairy products

2.53 ± 1.41

2.83 ± 1.11

2.50 ± 1.22

2.70 ± 1.28

2.64 ± 1.26

0.672

Legumes and nuts

2.31 ± 1.29

2.43 ± 1.12

2.27 ± 1.28

2.83 ± 1.30

2.91 ± 1.22

0.009

Red meat/processed meat

2.60 ± 1.28

2.43 ± 1.18

2.60 ± 1.16

3.04 ± 1.17

2.59 ± 1.32

0.031

Sugar-sweetened beverages

2.90 ± 1.24

2.33 ± 1.05

2.46 ± 0.95

2.84 ± 1.22

2.59 ± 1.64

0.073

Macronutrients (g/d)

Carbohydrate

84.28 ± 23.85

89.75 ± 22.06

94.92 ± 19.24

98.80 ± 21.92

166.73 ± 315.68

< 0.0001

Protein

84.28 ± 23.85

89.75 ± 22.06

94.92 ± 19.24

98.80 ± 21.92

166.73 ± 315.68

0.006

Fat

57.10 ± 20.72

68.40 ± 30.03

66.78 ± 27.99

72.35 ± 25.03

93.58 ± 51.71

< 0.0001

Dietary fiber

16.67 ± 6.76

21.49 ± 9.19

19.91 ± 7.16

22.47 ± 9.71

24.60 ± 10.32

< 0.0001

Micronutrients

Sodium (mg/d)

3680.49±

1777.94

3677.95±

1427.19

3772.93±

1127.96

4219.88±

1045.83

5144.35±

1787.45

< 0.0001

Magnesium (mg/d)

312.76±

145.48

368.44±

135.41

399.21±

131.24

444.73±

151.89

427.22±

165.56

< 0.0001

Potassium (mg/d)

3418.20±

1192.30

3757.63±

942.72

3915.71±

959.99

4214.55±

1006.03

5577.04±

5067.32

< 0.0001

Calcium (mg/d)

1176.97±

490.20

1131.99±

317.13

1127.38±

310.21

1152.64±

292.88

1454.48±

703.19

< 0.0001

Vitamin E (mg/d)

7.11 ± 4.06

6.87 ± 4.09

7.14 ± 7.10

7.17 ± 4.49

8.23 ± 3.68

0.599

Folate (mcg/d)

312.49±

102.74

365.84±

97.05

362.10±

118.62

381.52±

90.73

427.55±

157.00

< 0.0001

Vitamin C (mg/d)

121.93±

57.91

145.12±

55.06

136.83±

58.21

141.56±

53.65

172.18±

83.92

0.001

Vitamin K (mg/d)

176.76±

161.03

276.21±

233.62

348.77±

301.30

410.68 ± 286.65

314.31±

300.18

< 0.0001

Others

Cholesterol (mg/d)

213.81±

104.68

257.85±

172.84

237.13±

93.83

274.24±

129.68

285.89±

118.88

0.016