Table 3 Study participant’s characteristics among quintiles of UPF intake score

Age (Year)

62.27 ± 11.43

58.35 ± 12.09

54.10 ± 11.67

51.87 ± 11.21

54.88 ± 13.47

Sex (Male) (%)

84.6

94.5

95.7

87.8

83.9

Married (%)

88.5

94.5

87

88.7

83.9

University Education (%)

5.8

5.5

10.1

8.2

11.3

Employment status (%)

13.5

9.1

20.3

14.3

11.3

BMI (Kg/m²)

25.63 ± 3.95

26.25 ± 3.47

25.81 ± 3.72

25.55 ± 4.17

26.19 ± 5.08

Physical activity (MET/Min/week)

8240.47±

9345.92

8888.82±

8421.10

10110.72±

7123.09

9794.94±

5720.93

9229.57±

7643.63

History of pulmonary disease (%)

28.1

26.7

19.4

37.8

34.3

Air pollution in habitat (%)

Urban

44.2

50.9

65.2

78.6

58.1

Rural

26.9

23.6

24.6

12.2

16.1

Industrial

9.6

12.7

4.3

6.1

14.5

Hookah use (%)

1.9

1.8

2.9

6.1

6.5

Cigarette smoking (%)

Current smoker

34.6

43.6

42

53.1

46.8

Former smoker

7.7

7.3

27.5

20.4

6.5

Never smoker

46.2

40

29

25.5

35.5

Smoke exposure (%)

23.7

5.1

8.3

11.1

7.1

FEV1

70.74 ± 27.85

74.00 ± 29.05

78.41 ± 23.32

74.24 ± 24.27

75.20 ± 24.06

FVC

80.64 ± 18.65

82.26 ± 21.35

84.67 ± 19.78

80.89 ± 18.85

79.94 ± 17.92

FEV1/FVC

69.06 ± 16.11

70.64 ± 13.05

73.03 ± 8.06

74.26 ± 12.97

73.79 ± 11.82