From: Exploring the association between ultra-processed foods and COPD: a case-control study
 | Cases (n = 84) | Control (n = 252) |  | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | % | Mean + SD | % | Mean + SD | P value |
Age (Year) |  | 57.07 ± 12.47 |  | 55.05 ± 12.34 | 0.197 |
Gender (Male) | 89.3 | Â | 89.3 | Â | 0.999 |
Marital Status | 90.5 | Â | 87.6 | Â | 0.030 |
University Education | 6 | Â | 9.1 | Â | 0.362 |
Employment status | 21.4 |  | 12.9 |  | < 0.0001 |
BMI |  | 25.6 ± 4.8 |  | 25.9 ± 3.8 | 0.550 |
Physical activity (MET/week) |  | 5285 ± 8097 |  | 11,759 ± 6307 | < 0.0001 |
History of pulmonary disease | 39.3 | Â | 19.8 | Â | 0.006 |
Habitat Air Pollution |  | < 0.0001 | |||
Urban | 41.7 | Â | 78 | Â | |
Rural | 41.7 | Â | 13.9 | Â | |
Industrial | 16.7 | Â | 8.1 | Â | |
Hookah use | 100 |  | 39.5 |  | < 0.0001 |
Cigarette smoking |  | < 0.0001 | |||
Current smoker | 57.1 | Â | 44.8 | Â | |
Former smoker | 0.0 | Â | 22.0 | Â | |
Never smoker | 31.0 | Â | 7.8 | Â | |
Smoke exposure | 16.7 | Â | 12.3 | Â | 0.431 |
FEV1 |  | 55.2 ± 18.6 |  | 95.0 ± 12.5 | < 0.0001 |
FVC |  | 71.2 ± 17.9 |  | 92.6 ± 13.3 | < 0.0001 |
FEV1/FVC |  | 62.7 ± 9.3 |  | 82.5 ± 6.1 | < 0.0001 |