Table 1 Basic demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory findings, treatment and clinical outcomes of 2,433 COVID-19 patients admitted to the Huoshenshan hospital
From: Elevated glucose level leads to rapid COVID-19 progression and high fatality
Variable | All patients (N = 2,433) | Clinical classification at admission | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild (N = 25) | Moderate (N = 1,733) | Severe (N = 635) | Critical (N = 40) | |||
Demographic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (IQR)—year | 60.0 (50.0, 68.0) | 36.0 (29.0, 54.0) | 58.0 (48.0, 66.0) | 65.0 (56.0, 72.0) | 67.0 (58.0, 80.3) | < 0.001** |
Male gender—no. (%) | 1222 (50.2) | 14 (56.0) | 891 (51.4) | 301 (47.4) | 16 (40.0) | 0.171 |
Smoking history—no. (%) | 205 (8.4) | 3 (12.0) | 145 (8.4) | 52 (8.2) | 5 (12.5) | 0.592 |
Drinking history—no. (%) | 154 (6.3) | 1 (4.0) | 117 (6.8) | 32 (5.0) | 4 (10.0) | 0.291 |
Respiratory rate > 20 (%) | 689 (28.3) | 4 (16.0) | 426 (24.6) | 232 (36.5) | 27 (67.5) | < 0.001** |
Pulse rate > 100 (%) | 356 (14.6) | 3 (12.0) | 233 (13.4) | 106 (16.7) | 14 (35.0) | 0.001* |
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 (%) | 655 (26.9) | 6 (24.0) | 433 (25.0) | 203 (32.0) | 13 (32.5) | 0.007* |
Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 (%) | 562 (23.1) | 3 (12.0) | 414 (23.9) | 139 (21.9) | 6 (15.0) | 0.227 |
Signs and symptoms—no. (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Body temperature (IQR)—°C | 36.5 (36.3, 36.7) | 36.5 (36.3, 36.7) | 36.5 (36.3, 36.7) | 36.5 (36.3, 36.7) | 36.5 (36.3, 36.8) | 0.022* |
Fever (temperature ≥ 37.5 °C) | 63 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (2.0) | 27 (4.3) | 2 (5.0) | 0.012* |
Cough | 1356 (55.7) | 3 (12.0) | 969 (55.9) | 363 (57.2) | 21 (52.5) | < 0.001** |
Fatigue | 947 (38.9) | 4 (16.0) | 677 (39.1) | 251 (39.5) | 15 (37.5) | 0.116 |
Diarrhea | 65 (2.7) | 2 (8.0) | 44 (2.5) | 18 (2.8) | 1 (2.5) | 0.288 |
Chest tightness | 292 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 190 (11.0) | 97 (15.3) | 5 (12.5) | 0.007* |
Shortness of breath | 608 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 411 (23.7) | 189 (29.8) | 8 (20.0) | < 0.001** |
Comorbidities—no. (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hypertension | 769 (31.6) | 5 (20.0) | 497 (28.7) | 252 (39.7) | 15 (37.5) | < 0.001** |
Diabetes | 349 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 233 (13.4) | 109 (17.2) | 7 (17.5) | 0.013* |
Coronary heart disease | 163 (6.7) | 1 (4.0) | 94 (5.4) | 64 (10.1) | 4 (10.0) | < 0.001** |
Cancer | 42 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 29 (1.7) | 12 (1.9) | 1 (2.5) | 0.739 |
Chronic bronchitis | 53 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (1.7) | 19 (3.0) | 4 (10.0) | 0.009* |
Cerebrovascular disease | 89 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 48 (2.8) | 37 (5.8) | 4 (10.0) | < 0.001** |
Chronic kidney disease | 43 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (1.3) | 17 (2.7) | 3 (7.5) | 0.011* |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 19 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.5) | 9 (1.4) | 1 (2.5) | 0.059* |
Hepatitis | 23 (0.9) | 1 (4.0) | 19 (1.1) | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.189 |
Laboratory findings (IQR) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.1 (0.8, 7.4) | 0.5 (0.2, 2.5) | 1.8 (0.7, 5.3) | 3.4 (1.2, 14.8) | 45.0 (8.7, 104.0) | < 0.001** |
D-dimer (mg/L) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 1.6 (1.0, 4.1) | < 0.001** |
Lactate dehydrogenase (IU/L) | 175.0 (150.3, 211.7) | 150.7 (128.9, 181.3) | 169.1 (147.2, 199.7) | 193.8 (163.7, 241.4) | 332.3 (250.7, 430.9) | 0.002* |
White blood cell count (109/L) | 5.7 (4.7, 7.0) | 5.7 (4.8, 7.0) | 5.6 (4.7, 6.8) | 5.8 (4.7, 7.2) | 9.3 (7.5, 14.3) | < 0.001** |
Lymphocyte count (109/L) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5, 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.4 (0.9, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | < 0.001** |
Neutrophils count (109/L) | 3.5 (2.7, 4.6) | 3.4 (2.5, 4.2) | 3.4 (2.6, 4.4) | 3.7 (2.8, 5.1) | 8.4 (5.6, 13.5) | < 0.001** |
Monocyte count (109/L) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | < 0.001** |
Basophils count (108/L) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.3) | < 0.001** |
Eosinophils count (108/L) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.2 (0.0, 1.1) | < 0.001** |
Prothrombin time (s) | 12.8 (12.2, 13.5) | 12.8 (12.3, 13.3) | 12.8 (12.2, 13.4) | 12.9 (12.3, 13.7) | 14.1 (12.6, 16.6) | 0.256 |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 9.6 (7.4, 12.5) | 9.5 (7.3, 10.9) | 9.5 (7.3, 12.4) | 9.8 (7.7, 12.6) | 11.3 (8.4, 16.1) | 0.561 |
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 3.4 (2.5, 4.5) | 3.4 (2.9, 3.9) | 3.3 (2.5, 4.3) | 3.5 (2.6, 4.8) | 5.6 (3.5, 8.9) | < 0.001** |
Albumin (g/L) | 38.4 (35.5, 40.7) | 41.1 (38.9, 43.9) | 38.8 (36.1, 41.0) | 37.1 (33.9, 39.5) | 33.3 (29.1, 37.2) | < 0.001** |
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 69.7 (58.3, 84.5) | 66.6 (57.7, 78.1) | 68.6 (57.7, 83.8) | 71.7 (59.7, 84.7) | 92.9 (77.7, 114.3) | 0.202 |
Fibrinogen (g/L) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | 2.5 (2.4, 3.1) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.3) | 3.0 (2.7, 3.5) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.8) | 0.007* |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 64.1 (54.7, 75.3) | 64.6 (52.9, 79.5) | 63.5 (54.7, 74.6) | 65.4 (55.2, 77.2) | 56.5 (49.5, 93.1) | 0.032* |
Creatine kinase (U/L) | 51.2 (37.0, 73.2) | 73.8 (54.7, 100.9) | 52.1 (38.4, 72.6) | 46.7 (33.2, 72.7) | 57.4 (29.4, 152.4) | 0.083* |
Creatine kinase-MB (IU/L) | 8.6 (6.9, 10.9) | 8.6 (7.0, 10.4) | 8.4 (6.9, 10.5) | 8.9 (7.1, 11.5) | 14.7 (12.1, 22.7) | 0.002* |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.5, 5.7) | 4.7 (4.2, 4.9) | 4.8 (4.4, 5.5) | 5.1 (4.5, 6.0) | 6.4 (5.2, 8.4) | < 0.001** |
Urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.4 (3.6, 5.4) | 3.7 (3.1, 4.9) | 4.2 (3.6, 5.2) | 4.6 (3.7, 6.0) | 7.5 (5.2, 10.3) | < 0.001** |
Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | < 0.001** |
Platelets count (109/L) | 220.0 (180.0, 271.0) | 235.0 (202.0, 274.0) | 220.0 (184.0, 271.0) | 220.0 (170.0, 267.0) | 195.0 (89.0, 290.0) | 0.009* |
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 21.7 (14.2, 36.1) | 14.9 (10.8, 35.3) | 22.1 (14.3, 36.4) | 21.3 (14.2, 35.0) | 38.8 (16.1, 51.5) | 0.647 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 19.5 (15.4, 26.1) | 17.9 (13.5, 25.3) | 19.1 (15.2, 25.3) | 20.1 (15.7, 28.6) | 31.2 (24.2, 48.4) | 0.001* |
Treatment—no. (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intravenous antibiotics | 847 (34.8) | 2 (8.0) | 515 (29.7) | 294 (46.3) | 36 (90.0) | < 0.001** |
Antivirus treatment | 1233 (50.7) | 11 (44.0) | 809 (46.7) | 392 (61.7) | 21 (52.5) | < 0.001** |
Traditional Chinese medicine | 2348 (96.5) | 24 (96.0) | 1679 (96.9) | 611 (96.2) | 34 (85.0) | 0.007* |
Systemic glucocorticoids | 424 (17.4) | 3 (12.0) | 202 (11.7) | 193 (30.4) | 26 (65.0) | < 0.001** |
Intravenous immunoglobin | 119 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 39 (2.3) | 65 (10.2) | 15 (37.5) | < 0.001** |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 42 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.5) | 16 (2.5) | 17 (42.5) | < 0.001** |
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 68 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (0.9) | 27 (4.3) | 26 (65.0) | < 0.001** |
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 3 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0.001* |
Continuous renal-replacement therapy | 22 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.3) | 6 (0.9) | 10 (25.0) | < 0.001** |
Convalescence plasma therapy | 111 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 55 (3.2) | 51 (8.0) | 5 (12.5) | < 0.001** |
Clinical outcomes—no. (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discharged | 2383 (97.9) | 25 (100.0) | 1724 (99.5) | 614 (96.7) | 20 (50.0) | < 0.001** |
Deceased | 50 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.5) | 21 (3.3) | 20 (50.0) | < 0.001** |