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Table 5 Adjusteda associations between location of dwelling with respiratory symptoms and indicators of asthma morbidity among those with ever asthma

From: Childhood asthma, asthma severity indicators, and related conditions along an urban-rural gradient: a cross-sectional study

 

Large urban

(reference)

Small urban

OR (95%CI)

Rural

OR (95%CI)

P-value for trend

Ever wheeze

1.00

2.49 (0.87–7.10)‡

2.93 (1.25–6.86)†

0.007

Current wheeze

1.00

0.99 (0.49–1.99)

1.25 (0.74–2.10)

0.44

Respiratory allergy

1.00

0.98 (0.48–2.00)

1.29 (0.76–2.19)

0.38

Hay fever

1.00

0.36 (0.08–1.64)

1.72 (0.87–3.41)

0.20

Eczema

1.00

0.77 (0.37–1.60)

1.24 (0.74–2.08)

0.52

Current cough

1.00

1.28 (0.64–2.58)

1.18 (0.71–1.98)

0.46

Wheeze limiting speech

1.00

1.09 (0.32–3.56)

1.79 (0.79–4.04)

0.17

Wheeze with exercise

1.00

1.43 (0.71–2.88)

1.60 (0.97–2.64)‡

0.06

Breathing medications in the past 12 months

1.00

1.66 (0.80–3.47)

1.31 (0.77–2.23)

0.23

>3 episodes of wheeze in the past 12 months

1.00

0.85 (0.29–2.44)

2.40 (1.29–4.47)†

0.009

Nocturnal symptoms

1.00

1.98 (0.96–4.09)‡

1.44 (0.86–2.42)

0.09

School missed because of breathing problems

1.00

1.59 (0.76–3.35)

1.56 (0.93–2.63)‡

0.07

Physician visits for asthma in the past year (ref: none)

 1 visit

1.00

0.35 (0.11–1.09)‡

0.49 (0.24–1.03)‡

0.03

 >1 visit

1.00

0.66 (0.29–1.51)

0.92 (0.50–1.71)

0.68

  1. † p < 0.05 compared to the reference group
  2. ‡ p < 0.10 compared to the reference group
  3. aAdjusted for age, sex, mother’s education level, ethnic background, mother’s smoking status, father’s smoking status, home dampness, home mould